Home Schooling

Anaesthesia   Before the first use of a general anaesthetic in the mid-19 th  century, surgery was undertaken only as a last resort, with several patients opting for death rather than enduring the excruciating ordeal. Although there were countless  earlier experiments with anaesthesia  dating as far back to 4000 BC – they used to use cocaine, opium and alcohol. All of which can cause death in high doses. Soldiers would need limbs amputated and would be conscious the whole time. Hot coals were often used to seal wounds. People died from teeth infections and if they did get teeth removed they did it full awake and in complete pain while the dentist yanked the tooth from the gum. Dentist, William T. G. Morton made history in 1846 when he successfully used  ether as an anaesthetic  during surgery. Soon after, a faster-acting substance called chloroform became widely used, but was considered high-risk after several fatalities were reported. Over the ...

Darwin: The Most Dangerous Man in England Pre-Darwin Over the years many people have taken an interest in animals and plants. Aristotle was one of the first people to study animals and catalogue them. Many cultures had creation stories such as Aseops fables to explain the way animals are.  Domestic varieties, artificial selection.  Victorians knew that domestic breeds can be shaped by sexual selection. Choosing a parent animal with a specific feature often produced an offspring with the same feature. The more ancestors with that trait, the more likely the offspring is to inherit it.  Early man did not have pomeranians and chihuahuas. The fastest dogs were continuously bred to produce the greyhound. The biggest dogs were continuously bred to produce the great Dane. This all happened in the last 10,000 years.  Horses were bred to be faster or stronger. Cows were bred to produce more and more milk and sheep for more and more wool, chickens that lay more and...

You're a doctor in the middle ages, what causes disease? What defends you from disease?  Before Micro-Biology In 1590, a father and son Eyeglass makers in Netherlands made lenses that magnified 9 times. They failed to use it outside their business needs. A few years later, an Englishman used their invention for the first time to look at things close up. He could analyze the structure of objects such as feathers and leaves. He discovered cells and named them so because they looked like a grid of prison cells or monastery cells. He drew pictures of the strange shapes the microscope uncovered.  Micro-Biology Invented Finally, in 1674, Dutchman, Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek  had a eager curiosity and a skill at making glass lenses. He built a strange looking flat metal instrument with a hole the size of a grain of rice. It bent light and magnified light so that things would look bigger. The smaller the hole the increase in magnification.  He had improved upon the earlier micr...

Andreas Vesalius  ( / v ɪ ˈ s eɪ l i ə s / ; [2]  31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century  Flemish   anatomist ,  physician , and author of one of the most influential books on  human anatomy ,  De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem  ( On the Fabric of the Human Body ). More than 700 copies survive from the 1543 and 1555 editions. [9]  Of those, by 2018 some 29 copies were in London, 20 in Paris, 14 in Boston, 13 in New York, 12 in Cambridge (England), and 11 each in Oxford and Rome. [10]   John Hay Library  at  Brown University  owns a copy  bound in tanned human skin . Book with illustrations of inside of the body. People thought men had an extra rib and more teeth. People believed that thoughts and feelings came from the heart. Burke & Hare

Beginning  Practically all scientists up until 170 years ago believed that God created the earth six thousand years ago and all the creatures on earth at the same time. Ancient people would find fossils and have superstitions reasons for them. Such as ancient monsters, giants and dragons.  In 1676 England, the university of oxford was presented with an unusual bone. They published a description.  It was the first illustration of a dinosaur bone published.  They  correctly identified the bone as the lower extremity of the  thighbone  or  femur  of a large animal and he recognized that it was too large to belong to any species known to be living in England. He therefore at first concluded it to be the thighbone of a Roman  war elephant  and later that of a giant human, such as those mentioned in the Bible.  The bone has since been lost, but the illustration is detailed enough that some have since identified it as that of  Me...